Essay about Aviation/Aerospace Psychology - 736 Words

ASCI 634 Aviation/Aerospace Psychology Term 2165 FINAL EXAM ANSWER SHEET NAME_______________________ 1. You have been selected to participate in a pilot selection program for a start-up airline. Will the component tests be primarily abilities or performance tests? What resources might make future selections procedures more effective? What things will you need to do to be sure that you have produced a good selection battery? a. The component test’s will actually consist of both primary abilities and performance test’s, as some of the candidates may not have prior military experience or any flight experience at all, their training would be ab initio (from the beginning). b. Some†¦show more content†¦3. List and briefly outline Piagets four stages of cognitive development. How does Vygotskys theory differ from that of Piaget? a. Piaget’s theory was older children think qualitatively different than younger children. At each of their successive stages, it’s not just a matter of doing something better but doing something totally different altogether. b. Stage 1- Sensorimotor period (0-2 years) c. Stage 2- Pre-operational stage (2-7 years) d. Stage 3- Concrete operational stage (7-11 years) e. Stage 4- Formal operational stage (11+ years) f. Vygotsky emphasized the role of culture and experience and believed that what drives cognitive development is social interaction, a child’s experience with other people. He believed that his theory could be applied to all ages and not in stage developments as did Piaget. Where Piaget emphasized universal cognitive change, Vygotsky emphasized individual development. 4. The main purpose of language is to facilitate our being able to construct a mental representation of a situation that enables us to understand a situation and communicate about it. (Budwig, 1995; Zwaan Radvansky, 1998). a. Differentiate between semantics and syntax. Syntax refers to grammatical structure, whereas Semantics refers to the meaningShow MoreRelatedNational Aeronautics And Space Administration Essay1133 Words   |  5 Pages National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA) is one of the world’s leading organizations (and one of the largest) in the fields of aviation, aerospace and space exploration. NASA is responsible for conducting the United States civilian aeronautic programs, for research of aerodynamics for the development of the aviation industry and for research and investigation of the outer space. NASA is also on the world’s most innovative organizations in the aforementioned fields, as the main aimRead MoreThe Factor Of Age Aviation Accidents995 Words   |  4 Pages The Factor of Age in Aviation Accidents David Heinrich Embry Riddle Aeronautical University RSCH 665, Research Statistics Dr. Ori Sargsyan April 16, 2016 Abstract As we get older, cognitive ability diminishes. Accidents happen with among ages but there are ways that pilots can mitigate the effects of ageing. This paper looks if age is significant in aviation accidents or if flight experience makes up for what age lacks. Four scholarly articles will be dissected and using fundamentalsRead MoreElizabeth City State University And Saint Augustine s University1047 Words   |  5 PagesUniversity. N.p., n.d. Web. 18 Nov. 2015.) Elizabeth City offers many great clubs and organizations. Some of the clubs and organizations that seemed most interesting were Mass Media Club, Student Leadership Development, Social Work Club, Psychology Club, and Women in Aviation. Mass Media Club is some of the most active, visible and accomplished organizations at ECSU are found in the Student Media. To gain practical experience, students may work with either The Viking Times (newspaper), WRVS 89.9-FM (radio)Read MoreStress And Its Effects On The Mind, Body, And Environment8594 Words   |  35 Pagesfrom their homes, personal lives, and natural environment. This routine extends for long periods of time, subjecting the individual to social inadequacy amongst familiar lifestyle customs. Specific to the aviation facet of transportation, the four main threats to those working in the aviation industry include, the combined effects of shift work and long distance travel that can cause an alarming accumulation of sleep deprivation, along with the gradual onset of reduced concentration and alertnessRead MoreControlled Flight Into Terrain Essay3548 Words   |  15 PagesIntroduction The aviation community generally defines CFIT as Â…any collision with land or water in which there was no detectable mechanical or equipment failure, where the pilot was in control of the aircraft but lost situational awareness and flew into terrain. (Bensyl, Moran, Conway, 2001, pg 1037) According to the National Transportation Safety Board (NTSB), the Federal Aviation Administration (FAA) and the Flight Safety Foundation (FSF), CFIT can be caused by many factors. Nevertheless, itRead MoreIs High Fidelity Flight Simulation Necessary for Airline Pilot Training5151 Words   |  21 Pagesare responsive to the real operational needs of the target learner. These research results provide the first facet that high fidelity simulation is not necessarily required for airline pilot training. Operational Fidelity Within the commercial aviation setting, considerable criticism has been directed at the current forms of simulator-based training for their singular focus on the technical skill development of flight crew in the operation of complex aircraft systems (Macfarlane, 1997). These criticismsRead MoreAnalyzing Organizational Communication Essay1495 Words   |  6 Pagesholding company with over a dozen Limited Liability Companies (LLCs) that operate as subsidiaries under primary and secondarily related North American Industry Classification System (NAICS) codes and have diverse business areas including aviation and aerospace technologies, information technology, medical support, construction, business and administrative support services. CNI and its subsidiaries are experienced federal contractors with more than a decade of recorded excellence in contract andRead MoreSafety Management Systems In The Aviation Industry11572 Words   |  47 PagesTopic Learning Guide Aviation Safety Systems TOPIC 2 SAFETY MANAGEMENT SYSTEMS Safety Management Systems in the Aviation Industry Introduction This topic area covers the second and third sessions. Now that some of the basic terms and concepts associated with safety management systems and risk management have been discussed, it is important to outline what a safety management system encompasses, and the benefits it can bring when implemented and maintained within an organisation suchRead MoreThe Effects Of Atmospheric Conditioning On The Human Body3366 Words   |  14 PagesAeronautics, flight within the Earth’s atmosphere, and Astronautics, flight outside of the Earth’s atmosphere, where referenced in the process of research to grasp an understanding of the conditions of the jobs of Aerospace pilots. The research questions are: Are pilots in the aerospace industry affected by their jobs overtime? What is the difference in conditions between commercial pilots and jet pilots? What conditions do astronauts have to undergo? How does G-Force affect the human body? How doesRead MoreSpace Tourism3763 Words   |   16 Pagesthink of it as going through several phases. Starting with a relatively small-scale and relatively high-priced pioneering phase, the scale of activity will grow and prices will fall as it matures. Finally it will become a mass-market business, like aviation today. Pioneering phase The phrase space adventure travel has been suggested by Gordon Woodcock of Boeing, and is a convenient one to describe the first phase. Customers will be relatively few - from hundreds per year to thousands per year; prices

Farce and Dramatic Irony in A Midsummer Night´s Dream by...

In the comedy A Midsummer Night’s Dream, the plethora of comedic styles used by Shakespeare illustrate his intention to poke fun at love throughout the play. The play is notorious for its intricate and irrational plotline, mainly due to the constantly shifting love triangles. Once the powerful fairies become involved with the fate of the naive lovers – Demetrius, Helena, Lysander and Hermia – matters are further complicated. The complication inflicted by the fairies is credited to the powerful love potion that Oberon, King of the Fairies, hands over to Puck, a mischievous fairy, to use on his wife Titania, with intentions to embarrass and distract her. This spiteful attitude is due to Oberon and Titania’s argument over the custody of an†¦show more content†¦Helena puts forth the evocative themes of â€Å"hate† and â€Å"mock[ery],† clearly exhibiting that she feels quite a lot of emotion towards the way that Lysander and Demetrius ar e acting. Helena’s evidently very low self-esteem causes her to believe that Demetrius and Lysander are â€Å"joining in souls† or teaming up on her to make fun of her, when they are contrarily being quite affectionate. This clearly exemplifies how dramatic irony, a common theme throughout the play, can actually intend to teach the lesson that love is very complex and quite magical, conveyed by the fairies. Similarly to Helena, Bottom, a farcical member of the mechanicals that gets comeuppance for his high self-esteem by being turned into an ass by Puck, is also unaware of the reality of his situation. When Bottom comes to the realization that he has undergone some sort of change, he is still completely uninformed about his true state of being, but yet the audience knows exactly what has occurred. Bottom infers, â€Å"This is to make an ass of me† (3.1.99). It is very ironic that Bottom thinks they are â€Å"mak[ing] an ass of [him],† when in reality he h as literally been transformed into an ass. This random, confusing aspect of the play symbolizes the randomness and complexity of love. Additionally, later in the scene, Titania admires Bottom’s appearance, demonstrating the blindness of love. Shakespeare evidently utilizes the comedic device ofShow MoreRelatedSatire : The Fundamental Function Of Satire1644 Words   |  7 Pagesenjoy satirical comedy above all other sub-genres, and in particular, slapstick comedy. Satire is a technique employed by writers and comedians alike to expose and criticise corruption and shortcomings of an individual or a society by using humour, irony and/or exaggeration. Ultimately, the writer feels obliged to expose these vices to for the betterment of humanity. The fundamental function of satire is to warn the public about prevailing corruption and disorder within a society. [1] Furthermore,

Job Rotation Free Essays

Job rotation is the surest way of keeping the employee away from complacency and boredom of routine. It is difficult for an employee to sustain his interest in a given Job for any substantial length of time as humans have the tendency of outgrowing their jobs through the learning and experience that they gain over a period of time. Stimulating human mind through diversity of challenges is a sure way to bring to forefront its creative instincts and in taking the individual and organizational performance to a higher plane. We will write a custom essay sample on Job Rotation or any similar topic only for you Order Now This is where Job rotation can prove to be a handy tool. Job rotation involves the movement of employees through a range of jobs in order to increase interest and motivation. It can also be described as an approach to Management Development where an individual is moved through a schedule of assignments designed to give him/her a breadth of exposure to the entire operation. Job rotation can improve â€Å"multi-skilling† but also involves the need for greater training. In a sense, Job rotation is similar to Job enlargement. This approach widens the activities of a worker by switching him or her around a range of work. For example, an administrative employee might spend part of the week looking after the reception area of a business, dealing with customers and enquiries. Some time might then be spent manning the company telephone switchboard and then inputting data onto a database. Job rotation may offer the advantage of making it easier to cover for absent colleagues, but it may also reduce’ productivity as workers are initially unfamiliar with a new task. Job rotation is also practiced to allow qualified employees to gain more insights into the processes of a company, and to reduce boredom and increase job satisfaction through job variation. POTENTIAL OF JOB ROTATION A well planned Job rotation programme in an organization has immense potential of positive impact on job satisfaction/motivation, engagement and finally on retention of employees. Few of the outcomes of job rotation with respect to the individual are: †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ Job enrichment Overall development Intrinsic motivation to perform caused by newer challenges Career development BENEFITS OF JOB ROTATION For an organization, the benefits could include some or all of the following: †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ Leadership development Aligning competencies with organizational requirements Lower attrition rates Performance improvement driven by unique view points of new people THE PRACTICE OF JOB ROTATION Today, in the industry, Job rotation is viewed â€Å"as just another transfer† rather than as an important tool for implementing HR strategy of the company. Job rotation has become a ritual at best, without any focus on the outcomes that can be achieved through a little planning and implementation effort. Today, Job rotation is a means of punishing poor performers, settling scores arising from organizational politics, or going through percentage rotation scheme, where a certain percentage of employees in a certain area are shifted to pre-designated areas every year. REALIZING THE POTENTIAL OF JOB ROTATION In order to realize the true potential of Job rotation, there must be a planned system in place with the policy taking into account, †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ Organizational interest – employee commitment, attrition rates, specific business issues etc. Eligibility of the employees – qualification, prior experience, aptitude, attitude etc. Nature – mandatory or voluntary Duration Basis of selection etc. In the absence of aspects brought out above, there is every possibility that the seriousness with which Job rotation scheme is implemented in the company may get diluted and become a cause of sagging employee motivation. JOB ROTATIONS AT DIFFERENT LEVELS OF MANAGEMENT At the senior management levels, job rotation – frequently referred to as Management rotation, is tightly linked with Succession Planning – developing a pool of people capable of stepping into an existing job. Here the goal is to provide learning experiences which facilitate changes in thinking and perspective equivalent to the â€Å"horizon† of the level of the succession planning. For job rotations at this level, it is absolutely necessary that the business problems in various areas are identified. This calls for the active involvement of top management to select most suitable people to be shifted rom their current jobs to tackle the challenges at hand by considering individual attributes already described above. This will not only provide an insight for the future leaders in various aspects of the business but also will enhance their confidence levels as they solve these critical problems for the organization. In many cases, senior managers seem unwilling to risk instability in their units by moving qualified people from jobs where the lower level manager is being successful and reflecting positively on the actions of the senior manager. It is however important to note that Job rotation at this level is less frequent as workers who fall under this category are already at the strategic stages and peak of their career. Job rotation at junior and middle level executives may be pivoted around their strengths and attributes and the future roles expected of them. Focus must be on exposure in all related areas of his domain of expertise, so that as they grow to higher rungs of the management, they have an overall experience of their domain. For this level, job rotation has normally one of two purposes: Promotability or Skill Enhancement although at Middle Management, Succession planning also becomes one of the purposes of job rotation. Job rotations for workers must include aspects related to work environment, also along with other individual attributes already explained, so that it adds to his satisfaction derived from balanced distribution of work load, working conditions and learning opportunities. Done this way job rotation gets aligned with career development, leadership development and employee satisfaction which would finally result in higher levels of intrinsic motivation among the employees and hence may contribute in retaining talent. WHY IS JOB ROTATION IMPORTANT? Job Rotation is seen as a possible solution to two significant challenges faced by business: (1) Skills shortages [when there is a lack of skilled individuals in the workforce] and Skills gaps [when there is a lack of skills in a company’s existing workforce which may still be found in the labour force as a whole]. (2) Employee motivation How to cite Job Rotation, Papers

Job Rotation Free Essays

Job rotation is the surest way of keeping the employee away from complacency and boredom of routine. It is difficult for an employee to sustain his interest in a given Job for any substantial length of time as humans have the tendency of outgrowing their jobs through the learning and experience that they gain over a period of time. Stimulating human mind through diversity of challenges is a sure way to bring to forefront its creative instincts and in taking the individual and organizational performance to a higher plane. We will write a custom essay sample on Job Rotation or any similar topic only for you Order Now This is where Job rotation can prove to be a handy tool. Job rotation involves the movement of employees through a range of jobs in order to increase interest and motivation. It can also be described as an approach to Management Development where an individual is moved through a schedule of assignments designed to give him/her a breadth of exposure to the entire operation. Job rotation can improve â€Å"multi-skilling† but also involves the need for greater training. In a sense, Job rotation is similar to Job enlargement. This approach widens the activities of a worker by switching him or her around a range of work. For example, an administrative employee might spend part of the week looking after the reception area of a business, dealing with customers and enquiries. Some time might then be spent manning the company telephone switchboard and then inputting data onto a database. Job rotation may offer the advantage of making it easier to cover for absent colleagues, but it may also reduce’ productivity as workers are initially unfamiliar with a new task. Job rotation is also practiced to allow qualified employees to gain more insights into the processes of a company, and to reduce boredom and increase job satisfaction through job variation. POTENTIAL OF JOB ROTATION A well planned Job rotation programme in an organization has immense potential of positive impact on job satisfaction/motivation, engagement and finally on retention of employees. Few of the outcomes of job rotation with respect to the individual are: †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ Job enrichment Overall development Intrinsic motivation to perform caused by newer challenges Career development BENEFITS OF JOB ROTATION For an organization, the benefits could include some or all of the following: †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ Leadership development Aligning competencies with organizational requirements Lower attrition rates Performance improvement driven by unique view points of new people THE PRACTICE OF JOB ROTATION Today, in the industry, Job rotation is viewed â€Å"as just another transfer† rather than as an important tool for implementing HR strategy of the company. Job rotation has become a ritual at best, without any focus on the outcomes that can be achieved through a little planning and implementation effort. Today, Job rotation is a means of punishing poor performers, settling scores arising from organizational politics, or going through percentage rotation scheme, where a certain percentage of employees in a certain area are shifted to pre-designated areas every year. REALIZING THE POTENTIAL OF JOB ROTATION In order to realize the true potential of Job rotation, there must be a planned system in place with the policy taking into account, †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ Organizational interest – employee commitment, attrition rates, specific business issues etc. Eligibility of the employees – qualification, prior experience, aptitude, attitude etc. Nature – mandatory or voluntary Duration Basis of selection etc. In the absence of aspects brought out above, there is every possibility that the seriousness with which Job rotation scheme is implemented in the company may get diluted and become a cause of sagging employee motivation. JOB ROTATIONS AT DIFFERENT LEVELS OF MANAGEMENT At the senior management levels, job rotation – frequently referred to as Management rotation, is tightly linked with Succession Planning – developing a pool of people capable of stepping into an existing job. Here the goal is to provide learning experiences which facilitate changes in thinking and perspective equivalent to the â€Å"horizon† of the level of the succession planning. For job rotations at this level, it is absolutely necessary that the business problems in various areas are identified. This calls for the active involvement of top management to select most suitable people to be shifted rom their current jobs to tackle the challenges at hand by considering individual attributes already described above. This will not only provide an insight for the future leaders in various aspects of the business but also will enhance their confidence levels as they solve these critical problems for the organization. In many cases, senior managers seem unwilling to risk instability in their units by moving qualified people from jobs where the lower level manager is being successful and reflecting positively on the actions of the senior manager. It is however important to note that Job rotation at this level is less frequent as workers who fall under this category are already at the strategic stages and peak of their career. Job rotation at junior and middle level executives may be pivoted around their strengths and attributes and the future roles expected of them. Focus must be on exposure in all related areas of his domain of expertise, so that as they grow to higher rungs of the management, they have an overall experience of their domain. For this level, job rotation has normally one of two purposes: Promotability or Skill Enhancement although at Middle Management, Succession planning also becomes one of the purposes of job rotation. Job rotations for workers must include aspects related to work environment, also along with other individual attributes already explained, so that it adds to his satisfaction derived from balanced distribution of work load, working conditions and learning opportunities. Done this way job rotation gets aligned with career development, leadership development and employee satisfaction which would finally result in higher levels of intrinsic motivation among the employees and hence may contribute in retaining talent. WHY IS JOB ROTATION IMPORTANT? Job Rotation is seen as a possible solution to two significant challenges faced by business: (1) Skills shortages [when there is a lack of skilled individuals in the workforce] and Skills gaps [when there is a lack of skills in a company’s existing workforce which may still be found in the labour force as a whole]. (2) Employee motivation How to cite Job Rotation, Papers

Risk Management of Insurance Companies â€Myassignmenthelp.Com

Question: Discuss about the Risk Management of Insurance Companies. Answer: Introduction: Risk management tends to entail numerous set of procedures pertaining to identification of the risk, quantum of the risk that has been identified and the probable adverse repercussions of such risks. In can be observed that in order to facilitate risk mitigation measures, there are certain set of prerequisite factors that are required to be taken into account. Cohen and Martinez (2012) advocated that such factors as the control mechanism prevalent in the organization, the frequency of risk evaluation measures undertaken by the organization amongst others are relevant for an organization. Moreover, one can infer that the prevalent degree of responsiveness pertaining to risk is dependent upon the sector or industry that the organization is part of. For instance, certain form of industries such as marine, insurance, investment finance etc tends to have high degree of exposure to risks as compared to industries such as home decors, food industry etc. One of the primary objectives of insu rance companies is towards revenue generation through providing coverage regarding potential risks. Moreover, it is also pertinent that the insurance companies have adequate sets of safety measures in order to avoid paying out fraudulent claims. Even though policyholders are authorized towards claims made on the actual losses or damages, there is prevalent tendency on the part of a certain segment of insurance consumers towards falsifying their claims. Such clients do this in order to gain insurance claims through damages that are intentional on the part of the clients. In the current study, the evaluation of risks arising out of under-management, mismanagement of claim functions and settlement have been evaluated and the recommendations pertaining to risk mitigation has been undertaken in the current study. The degree of implications of under reserving of claims reserves has been evaluated in light of current academic discussions that are made upon the topic. In terms of claims settlement there has been instances where by the claim reserves have been either overtly estimated or were of lesser size thereby leading to an under reserving. The repercussions as regards to over estimated reserves arises out of the fact that there are several sets of industry norms that tend to facilitate the formation of claims reserves in a manner that actually results in financial losses during a particular financial periods. Discussion: There are three primary functions undertaken by each insurance company, provisions for protection of clients losses, pooling of life and non-life risks coupled with the allocation of risk. Embrechts, Klppelberg and Mikosch (2013) mentioned risk as deviation from expected set of outcomes in a manner that tend to have an adverse impact upon the outcome. This is pertaining to from certain operation that the client believes in. In terms of settlement supervisions, procedures tend to change from one insurance company to another (Ferreira Jr and Minikel 2012). For instance, there is alignment of police verification and personal investigation related to a claim undertaken voluntarily by the company. On other instances, verification statement from the police regarding the nature of occurrence of the insurance, any form of financial irregularities observed in clients financial transactions over recent periods amongst others are taken into consideration. Multinational and intra-national corporations tend to hedge risks pertaining to financial nature onto insurance companies (Grace and Leverty 2012). The complexity in nature of underlying asset and liabilities that are to be covered by insurance companies can be construed as an impediment in terms of determining the authenticity of clients claim. For instance, if a financial instrument has been covered by an insurance agency it can be difficult at occasions to judge whether the losses arising out of such instruments have been caused due to clients deliberation. The insurance companys clients seek to minimize the time duration between the claims made and the settlement made as regards to claims (Hudecov and Peta 2013). However, there requires being variability in claim settlement in the organization based on the instruments and assets upon which the claim is made. The primary reason for damage of properties is unclear at the beginning and thereby for insurance companies the reliance upon rough estimation for initiating settlement proceedings is essential. Moreover, it can be assumed that for insurance companies with inefficient compensating functions, the degree of wrongful claim settlement aggravates by a considerable extent. Thereby, in order to streamline resolving of issues pertaining to deficiencies in settlement authority, it is of importance that proper measures are taken at each stage of claim settlement processes. In terms of initial estimation regarding the insurance claims, the insurance company should hire experts from that particular domain to which the covered asset or liability belongs (Jin and Frees 2013). For instance, in order to facilitate initial estimate regarding the degree of damage caused to an oil tanker, experts that are familiar with marine engineering and ship management are to be hired. Moreover, due to the inheren t nature of insurance products, it is relevant that the insurance contracts takes into account the different contingencies whereby the covered assets can be affected in a negative manner. Thereby, the management of settlement authority in an insurance company is dependent upon the degree to which the insurance company maintains prudence. This is to be done while drawing insurance contracts with clients. Ostrager and Newman (2012) stated that framing and adherence to benchmarks relating to the settlement issues are prerequisite for an insurance company to gauge the degree of performance of the insurance company. The claim function arises in order to facilitate deliverance of the promise that the insurance company makes to its shareholders (Pantelous and Passalidou 2016) . For each insurance company, their primary focus is upon facilitating payments upon first party claims in case assets are met with accidents, damages and payment towards third party in case where there is a default of inconsistency in repayment of liability. Thereby, lacking of capability by the settlement authority can increase the quantum of resentment amongst the clients that in fact deserved settlements whereas it shall aggravate the degree of falsification in insurance claims. The insurance company requires framing efficient claim settlement proceedings that shall be able to facilitate minimizing or avoidance of cost overruns. Moreover, it is relevant on the part of insurance companies that the overcompensation relating to claims are reduced in order to mitigate risks regarding substantial outflow of capital. Pigeon, Antonio and Denuit (2013) advocated that the risks pertaining to under-reserving tend to affect the solvency and liquidity prospects of firms engaged in financial operations. Moreover, Planchet and Tomas (2016) stated that under reserving aggravates the overall risks of bankruptcy and results towards adversely affecting the business. The primary purpose of reserves arises out of the fact that insurance companies acts as a medium for hedging for different set of financial for profit organizations who tend to transfer risks that arises out of their operational activities onto the insurance companies that facilitate their coverage. Thereby, in cases where the insurance companies tends to facilitate pooling of interests and risks, theres a cascading effect on both the insurance company and the defaulting company if the collateral damages is above of what is expected of insurance firms. There tend to be high degree of difference between coverage off industries that6 are hard and t hose that are soft. The high degree of erosion that arise of the accumulated losses from the deductibles results towards severely affecting the solvency and liquidity position of the company. Thereby, there has to be an underlying mechanism that takes into account the degree of capital erosion that is taking place amongst the underlying assets. The primary forms of erosion from such losses can be construed from an instance such as loss out of deductibles, which can be frequent depending upon the claims made. In terms of casualty insurance policies, the insurance company is to compensate to the policy holders in case of damages that they have suffered upon the assets and liabilities covered under insurance policies. The time between the occurrence of damages and insurance and that of claim settlements that tend to vary depending upon the complexity in terms of gauging the losses incurred out of such accidents or damages. The setting up of claims reserve tend to take place after getting the notices as regards to the potentiality in payment of a compensation by the insurance company onto the aggrieved parties in case of asset, life or property damages. Moreover, reserves are also be created by the insurance company towards payments made to third parties owing to damages or defaults in case of liabilities. Under reserving of claims result towards minimizing the overall degree of reserves, which is earmarked for the payment and disposal of claims in a claim settlement. Thereby, any form of in efficiency in terms of gauging the degree of reserves to be kept can have adverse implications upon the financial health of the organization. Gorton, Lewellen and Metrick (2012) stated in the context of upkeep of reserves that insurance corporations requires reinvestment of the policy premiums received from clients as installments in order to facilitate greater degree of revenue generation. This is owing to the fact that the quantum of liquid assets that insurance companies tend to generate is unparalleled by majority of other sectors. The insurance companies tend to capitalize upon high degree of inflow in capital through reinvesting large proportion of such inflows onto financial market at considerably high rate of interest (Embrechts, Klppelberg and Mikosch 2013). Thereby, large number of insurance companies has an additional source of revenue from the interest earned out of the premium amounts accumulated from clients. In this case, the degree of claims reserves have significant impact upon the revenue prospects of the insurance company owing to the effect upon the reserves that are available for lending purposes. For instance, an insurance company tends to have an overall liquid and current asset base of 100 million, and the claims reserves are kept at 30 million. Therefore, the available assets for investment in financial markets and earning of interests tend to be 70 million. When the claim reserves are to be raised to 40 million, the overall liquid assets left for reinvestment onto financial market is at 60 million. Thereby, many insurance companies have an intention towards keeping the claim reserves at minimal and thereby reducing the quantum of liquid assets, that has been earmarked for potential payments to clients, as minimal. There can be several risks arising due to tendency of the insurance company for under reserving its claims. It occurs in many occasions that the initial estimates regarding the insurance claims can be misleading and thereby results in under reserving (Cummins and Derrig 2012). However, when the final settlement pertaining to a claim occurs, minimal reserves tend to result in severe degree of shortage in liquidity. It may so happen that such assets are to be procured out of other sources where such liquid assets were already employed in or where the insurance company has to bear losses as regards to the loss from diverting funds from other operations. In terms of determining the quantum of claims, reserve to be kept at a time for settlement of claims tends to be subjective in nature (Collins, Rasmussen, and Doty 2014). This is owing to the fact that the quantum of funds to be earmarked for claims reserves depends on the judgements of settlement authority at the insurance companies and is highly subjective in nature. Thereby, due to the presence of subjectivity in terms of estimating the amount to be kept onto claims reserves, it is imperative that there tend to be either under assimilation or over accumulation of reserves. The under reserving phenomenon at insurance companies comprises the major reason for deficiency in terms of liquidity of the resources and financial impairments that arises out of having inadequacy in reserves for potential claims. Moreover, the prevalence of reserve cycle is inevitable in each insurance company and thereby the period whereby the insurance company financials are at risk is high probable. This occurs in instances where there is high quantum of under reserving of claims. There can be several factors that determines the inceptions and compositions made in terms if reserves that are made by insurance companies. The degrees of potential financial losses that may arise out of upkeep of reserves such as decline in the rate of surplus pertaining to the financial periods whereby the insurance companies have kept the high quantum of reserves as regards to claim settlement. The earning prospects pertaining to the insurance company that tend to over estimate outcomes of financial claims tend to be negative during the periods post the serving of settlement notices. The actual compensations paid as per the terms of settlement have a variability owing to the degree of unpredictability that arises out of the fact that prediction of claims are barred and are subject to the estimates that the insurance claim settlement agents makes. The under reserving in terms of settlement of claims tend to be have negative repercussions upon the ratings of the insurances as well. This is owing to the fact that large proportion of new and prospective clients seeking insurance policies are referred by an client that pre sently has an insurance policy in the company. Thereby, grievances of a client regarding inadequacy of insurance company in settling claims can have cascading affect upon the number of prospective customer that the insurance company stands to gain in the next few financial periods. On the other hand, it is not irrational to assume the fact that claim reserve that is too high tend to affect the credit ratings as such quantum of reserves affects the revenue generation prospects of the firm in a negative manner. The deficiency in terms of efficient degree of estimation, as regards to different of the size of claim reserves and that of final settlement payments that are to be made, have numerous set of negative implications pertaining to the insurance companies financials. The rise in the difference, between the settlement amount and the reserves that are kept aside for such payments, has adverse policy implication based on whether the settlement processes are to be taken into account. Two situations arise out of such differences: When the claim settlements are lesser than the claims reserves that are kept aside When the actual settlement is more than the reserves In terms of the first situation, it can be inferred that lack of reserves tend to showcases poor liquidity at the time of claim settlement. Thereby, the insurance company, in order to safeguard their reputations as well as influx of prospective clients coupled with the statutory obligation of payment of settlement money requires to take into account all probable contingencies at the time of formation of the reserves. The degree of accuracy in terms of deciding upon the quantum of claims reserves depends upon several factors. Primary amongst them being deciding to what extent historical data has to be relied upon in order to facilitate estimation of current claims reserves. For instance, historically, damages out of car accidents tend to be larger as compared to contemporary policies owing to the fact that the car components in the formative years of the automobile industry tend to have lesser degree of driver and carrier security functions as compared to current periods. However, on the other hand the overall cost of insurance coverage on cars and life insurances has increased substantially. Thereby, it is a trade off between cost minimization and claim maximization in case of settlements as regards to insurance arising out of car accidents. Moreover, it can be observed that in case Moreover, the advent of marine insurance, aviation insurance, logistics insurance coupled with the rising consumption level in each economies resulting in higher levels of coverage upon financial instruments has aggravated the probability of faulty estimation in settlement claims. Thereby, the complexity as regards to estimation of claims has to be mitigated through careful selection of portfolio that is to be insured. This is to be done as due to high degree of complexity in gauging the repercussions of an accident or damages pertaining to a sophisticated asset or sets of financial instruments, there tend to be high degree deviation in the insurance policies. Recommendations: The insurance company requires evaluating the assets and liabilities that it plans to provide coverage In terms of minimizing the probability of under-reserving of insurance claims, the estimates have to take into account current market scenarios coupled with the historical data used In order to mitigate issues pertaining to under reserving better management regarding contingencies are to be taken into account The insurance company requires to implement data analytics in order to facilitate judgments regarding the claim settlement Back ground checks regarding the insurance claims should be strengthened through inclusion of several additional set of parameters The insurance company has issues regarding mismanagement of claim estimation methods regarding the set of assets, properties and liabilities that are to be provided. It happens primarily because the insurance company lacks proficient set of assessors Under reserving in turn results in under collection of premiums, thereby the premiums regarding different set of converges provided are to be taken into account The company requires setting benchmarks as regards to the proportion of reserves to be kept aside for each set of assets and properties. Customized benchmarks based upon the property specifications are relevant for management of insurance. Conclusion: The current study delves into evaluating the different set of factors and risks that tend to arise out of under reserving of claims. The primary risks arises regarding the liquidity pertaining to the company, this is owing to the fact that in case the claim amounts exceeds the liquid assets and reserves earmarked for this purpose, liquidity and solvency issues crops up. The complexity as regards to the properties and liabilities that are being covered results in aggravating the difficulties towards valuation. The valuation methods pertaining to the insurance claims require amendments. This is owing to the advent of quantitative valuation models that tend to provide evaluation upon the claim valuations. The subjectivity as regards to the estimation of claims reserves are to be reduced by bringing in more set of measurements that tend to facilitate valuation based upon several set of objective parameters. The insurance companys operations entail risks mitigation of several sectors and industries that it caters to. Thereby, the pooling of risks entails high degree of financial and risk management capability on the part of the insurance company. Under reserving and lack of adequate degree of analysis, pertaining to the different between the reserves and that of the actual amount to be paid displays the form. Through implementations of the aforementioned recommendations regarding the under reserving of claims, the risk mitigation measures can be undertaken. References and Bibliography: Badila, E.S., Boxma, O.J. and Resing, J.A.C., 2015. Two parallel insurance lines with simultaneous arrivals and risks correlated with inter-arrival times.Insurance: Mathematics and Economics,61, pp.48-61. Beard, R., 2013.Risk theory: the stochastic basis of insurance(Vol. 20). Springer Science Business Media. Biagini, F., 2013. Evaluating hybrid products: the interplay between financial and insurance markets. InSeminar on Stochastic Analysis, Random Fields and Applications VII(pp. 285-304). Springer Basel. Bicknell, W.J., Bleuler, J.H., Blum, J.D., Caulfield, S.C., Grant, G., Gulotta, M.J., Harrington, D.P., Kaplan, S.X., Kelch, B., Michelson, W. and Peters, R.B., 2012.Containing health benefit costs: the self-insurance option(Vol. 6). Springer Science Business Media. Borch, K.H., Sandmo, A. and Aase, K.K., 2014.Economics of insurance(Vol. 29). Elsevier. Chang, V.Y. and Tsai, J.T., 2014. Quantile regression analysis of corporate liquidity: Evidence from the US propertyliability insurance industry.The Geneva Papers on Risk and Insurance Issues and Practice,39(1), pp.77-89. Cohen, R.A. and Martinez, M.E., 2012. Health Insurance Coverage: Early Release of Estimates From the National Health Interview Survey, JanuaryMarch 2012.Atlanta, GA: Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Collins, S.R., Rasmussen, P.W. and Doty, M.M., 2014. Gaining ground: Americans' health insurance coverage and access to care after the Affordable Care Act's first open enrollment period.Issue brief (Commonwealth Fund),16, pp.1-23. Cummins, J.D. and Derrig, R.A. eds., 2012.Classical insurance solvency theory(Vol. 8). Springer Science Business Media. Diers, D., Eling, M., Kraus, C. and Reu, A., 2012. Market-consistent embedded value in non-life insurance: how to measure it and why.The Journal of Risk Finance,13(4), pp.320-346. Embrechts, P., Klppelberg, C. and Mikosch, T., 2013.Modelling extremal events: for insurance and finance(Vol. 33). Springer Science Business Media. Fasen, V., Klppelberg, C. and Menzel, A., 2014. Quantifying extreme risks. InRisk-A Multidisciplinary Introduction(pp. 151-181). Springer International Publishing. Feinman, J.M., 2012. The Law of Insurance Claim Practices: Beyond Bad Faith.Tort Trial Insurance Practice Law Journal, pp.693-740. Feinman, J.M., 2016. The Regulation of Insurance Claim Practices. Ferreira Jr, J. and Minikel, E., 2012. Measuring per mile risk for pay-as-you-drive automobile insurance.Transportation Research Record: Journal of the Transportation Research Board, (2297), pp.97-103. GAMMA, D.U.Z.A., 2013. Estimation of claim cost data using zero adjusted gamma and inverse Gaussian regression models.Journal of Mathematics and Statistics,9(3), pp.186-192. Gorton, G., Lewellen, S. and Metrick, A., 2012. The safe-asset share.The American Economic Review,102(3), pp.101-106. Grace, M.F. and Leverty, J.T., 2012. Propertyliability insurer reserve error: Motive, manipulation, or mistake.Journal of Risk and Insurance,79(2), pp.351-380. Hanson, R.M., Ledder, J.A. and O'halloran, C.R., Allstate Insurance Company, 2014.Communication of insurance claim data. U.S. Patent 8,751,270. Hudecov, . and Peta, M., 2013. Modeling dependencies in claims reserving with GEE.Insurance: Mathematics and Economics,53(3), pp.786-794. Jin, X. and Frees, E.W.J., 2013. Comparing micro-and macro-Level loss reserving models.Presentation at ARIA. Joo, B.A., 2013. Analysis of Financial Stability of Indian Non Life Insurance Companies.Asian Journal of Finance Accounting,5(1), p.306. Kessler, D., 2014. Why (re) insurance is not systemic.Journal of Risk and Insurance,81(3), pp.477-488. Martnez-Miranda, M.D., Nielsen, J.P. and Wthrich, M.V., 2012. Statistical modelling and forecasting of outstanding liabilities in non-life insurance.SORT,36(2), pp.195-218. Mulcahy, A., Harris, K., Finegold, K., Kellermann, A., Edelman, L. and Sommers, B.D., 2013. Insurance coverage of emergency care for young adults under health reform.New England Journal of Medicine,368(22), pp.2105-2112. Ostrager, B.R. and Newman, T.R., 2012.Handbook on Insurance Coverage Disputes. Aspen Publishers Online. Pantelous, A.A. and Passalidou, E., 2016. Optimal strategies for a nonlinear premium-reserve model in a competitive insurance market. Pigeon, M., Antonio, K. and Denuit, M., 2013. Individual loss reserving with the multivariate skew normal framework.Astin Bulletin,43(03), pp.399-428. Pitacco, E., 2014. Health Insurance.Basic Actuarial Models, Cham, Switzerland: Springer Verlag. Planchet, F. and Tomas, J., 2016. Uncertainty on survival probabilities and solvency capital requirement: application to long-term care insurance.Scandinavian Actuarial Journal,2016(4), pp.279-292. Robertson, B., 2013. Excel Application for Insurance Reserves. Rosenlund, S., 2012. Bootstrapping individual claim histories.ASTIN Bulletin-Actuarial Studies in non LifeInsurance,42(1), p.291. Sakalova, K. and Krcova, I.O., 2016. Measures of Profitability in Life Insurance Product Management.STRATEGIC MANAGEMENT,21(1), pp.8-15. Soni, B.K. and Trivedi, J., 2013. Crop Insurance: An Empirical Study on Awareness and Perceptions.Gian Jyoti E-Journal,3(2), pp.81-93. Vercruysse, W., Dhaene, J., Denuit, M., Pitacco, E. and Antonio, K., 2013. Premium indexing in lifelong health insurance.Far East Journal of Mathematical Sciences,2013, pp.365-384. Weng, C., 2013. Constant proportion portfolio insurance under a regime switching exponential Lvy process.Insurance: Mathematics and Economics,52(3), pp.508-521.

Globalization and Its Discontents

This paper will establish that globalization is unnecessary. The paper will examine some of the discontents making globalization unacceptable today First, I will describe the issue of globalization as used today. This will include how economists and entrepreneurs consider globalization as a necessary force towards economic development. Next, the paper will use a moral theory to explain why globalization is not the best today.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Globalization and Its Discontents specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More The next thing is to apply the moral theory (utilitarianism) to establish the reason why globalization is bad. The discussion will explore the current definitions and ideas about globalization and explain how they have prevented many people from realizing their potentials. Finally, I will use the theory to justify why globalization is wrong. I will conclude the paper by welcoming the idea of â €Å"internationalization†. Globalization refers to â€Å"the integration of global societies and nations†. On the other hand, â€Å"internationalization is the process of promoting relations among societies and nations† One weakness of globalization is that it has killed national boundaries. This has affected the establishment of sovereign states. Globalization also favors free trade and treaties. This has resulted in uncontrolled movement of goods and citizens thus affecting the stability of nations. The idea of globalization has made it impossible for people to make the best decisions regarding fiscal policies and wages. Globalization has also resulted in mergers and establishment of monopoles in different societies. As a result, this has led to the establishment of giant corporations thus affecting emerging businesses. Globalization encourages monopolies, something that affects growing economies. Globalization forces countries to â€Å"specialize† thei r services and goods. This results in dependency thus affecting the lives of the citizens. The idea to enforce property rights and trade-related legislations affects â€Å"knowledge sharing†. This has affected the performance of different economies. In order to understand the evils of globalization, it is necessary to apply the ideas of utilitarianism According to the theory, â€Å"actions and behaviors are permissible (and right) if they produce the greatest happiness to many people†. According to utilitarianism, â€Å"morality and ethics should be impartial and therefore decisions should consider the welfare of the society†. Impartiality calls for the continued involvement of all people and nations. As well, the theory claims that decisions and actions should present happiness to every individual. That being the case, the theory recommends the best ideas and decisions that will help reduce pain and bring happiness to the majority. From the above justification, the utilitarian theory supports the idea that globalization is bad That being the case, societies should promote the idea of â€Å"internationalization†. Utilitarianism does not permit globalization because it kills boundaries and increases monopoly. Utilitarianism is opposed to actions that kill economies or promote dependency. The theory argues that more people will suffer due to lack of appropriate goods and services. Globalization also restricts â€Å"knowledge sharing† thus affecting the performance of small economies.Advertising Looking for essay on business economics? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More In conclusion, the moral theory encourages human beings to consider the best practices and actions that will provide happiness to the greatest majority Kantianism is another moral theory. The theory claims that â€Å"actions should be undertaken depending on an underlying principle (maxim)†. This theor y would support globalization because it results in economic development and establishment of major corporations. This becomes â€Å"the maxim† thus making globalization good. However, utilitarianism considers globalization as evil because it fails to address the needs of many nations and their citizens. Instead, it supports monopoly thus resulting in economic imbalances. Therefore, utilitarianism requires global leaders and decision-makers to move fast and promote â€Å"internationalization† rather than globalization. This essay on Globalization and Its Discontents was written and submitted by user Kale Rodriguez to help you with your own studies. You are free to use it for research and reference purposes in order to write your own paper; however, you must cite it accordingly. You can donate your paper here.

Beauty and the Beast Anorexia essays

Beauty and the Beast Anorexia essays It seemed to me that the older I got, the more obsessed people seemed about their bodies. Whether it was the diet soda boom of the 80's, or the fact everyone has always been unhappy with his or her natural bodies; it just took me a while to comprehend. It always seemed like there were diets here, diets there; these drugs can do this, or these herbs can do that... "Stop the insanity!" This paper is going to discuss anorexia nervosa, an alarming disease that is usually developed during puberty of both boys and girls. Like bulimia, in which the subject binges and then disposes of ingested food by purging or use of laxatives, those suffering anorexia nervosa have an obsession with the amount of fat on her body (although one of every ten suffering this disease are male, I will use the female pronoun since they are the majority). This results in the loss of appetite completely and dangerous weight loss. More than thirty years ago one of this century's major sex symbols sang, "Happy Birthday, Mr. President," on television. With her size fourteen to sixteen figure, it is doubtful that society's standards would approve Marilyn Monroe today. Back in those days men and women alike ate what tasted good or what the body needed and simply bought clothes that would hide any unwanted weight gain. Today the story is different. Psychologists that study the influence of television on children say that television is the most influential medium in our "visually orientated" society (Velette, 1988, p.3). With the influence of television and celebrity role models, children don't care that they see a variety of sizes outside of their home, what they care about are the majority of people shown on the television set, perfect. Teenagers have typically watched 15,000 hours of television in their lifetime (Valette, 1988, p.4), absorbing the opinions on the shows or the commercials burning into their retinas. The message transmitted: "To be successful, beautif...

A Memorable Christmas Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

A Memorable Christmas - Essay Example Few people had high expectations for the day as most suspected it would be the usual routine of Christian rituals and some little partying to last until slightly beyond sunset. The previous Christmas and many other preceding ones had little merry to remember. Like it happens for many people, Christmas rituals seem to engage the interest of children more than the adults do. On this occasion though, word had gone round that a famed guest would deliver a special package for the adults. Other rumors doing the rounds suggested that the package had been delivered already although nobody knew the nature of the contents. Guests began filing in shortly after ten in the morning. One would not actually refer to them as guests given the fact that most of them had always been in constant touch due to the simple reason that they shared a literature course in the same university. It was a close-knit group that enjoyed mutual interests and shared many idiosyncratic habits just like any lovers of lit erature do. Choosing to meet over Christmas was rather unusual for literature comrades. The host’s silverware in varying shapes and sizes was on full display. It would take only a little while before the guests got the opportunity to savor the dietary delights of the occasion. Food came in varieties of Indian, Chinese, and Malaysian cuisine, which made a real spectacle that Jeremy fondly referred to as Christmas made in Asia. It all appeared like grafting the sum of Asian culinary traditions over a uniquely Christian ritual. Of course, nobody would expect Helen, our host and one of the most controversial students in our class to follow conventions in anything. Nearly all of us had the inaugural experience with a range of Chinese foods including sour pork, sweet pork, Peking duck, ma po tofu, spring rolls, wontons, chow mein, gong bao chicken, and dumplings. At first, most of the guests had considered the culinary set-up rather outlandish but with time, all got accustomed to t he taste and had their fill from the buffet. What confounded us was the manner in which Helen managed to flawlessly come up with the meals without expert assistance. Helen had never shown enthusiasm in matters of the kitchen, and on this occasion, she would not yield to any question on the mystery. Apart from the Chinese professor in the neighborhood, we did not know of any other Chinese friend with who she had some acquaintance. It would not be long before our concerns were addressed. The Chinese professor in full chef’s attire with a range of other culinary delights that got all of us utterly confused. It would never occur to any of us that the man we have never seen in any different place other than the literature class could roll himself into something very different. As Nigerian author Chimamanda Adichie would say, we had bought into a single story about the professor (Adichie). We could never imagine him as anything other than a professor. None of the guests except Hele n had ever bothered to probe into the professor’s life beyond the classroom. It turned out that he was the surprise guest we had been waiting for and that it was he who prepared all the meals we had eaten. When the surprise wore off and after we were done with the meals, we had the opportunity of getting up, close and personal with the professor regarding the Chinese perspectives on Christmas. It all seemed like a cultural exchange program and a revelation into Chinese

Southeast Asian in the US Ques 2 Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Southeast Asian in the US Ques 2 - Essay Example Louis says that his father had access to the port and the fishermen there because his job took him there often. The first part of the plan to emigrate from Vietnam included lots of secrecy. Louis says his father made it a point to be very friendly with all of the fishermen for a long time. He made friends with one of these men and they became close. Because of this close friendship, Louis says his father knew that the fisherman was someone that could be trusted. He started to ask him to take him on a trip that would enable him to escape from Vietnam. It took a long time to convince the fisherman to agree to do this. Louis’ father had to pay the man money little by little over the course of an entire year to convince him. It was difficult to convince him because he knew that there was lots of danger involved for him as well. After a year, the fisherman agreed to take on the job. He actually worked to organize a group of people that all wanted to go. This helped to defray the co st of the fuel and the risk for the fisherman. Once the group was ready and had paid, the fisherman took them on a two-week boat journey from Vietnam to Malaysia. The trip was very difficult but it was worth it. Once the Vietnamese immigrants were in Malaysia, things got much easier. The Malaysian government worked quickly to issue visas to the Vietnamese. This allowed movement within the country and the ability to work. Louis said that his father had no desire to stay in Malaysia because opportunities were limited, so he almost immediately caught a boat headed for the Philippines. Upon arrival in the Philippines, he was placed in a refugee camp. It sounds worse than it was. He was given enough food and a clean place to sleep. Moat importantly, he was taught English for six months, so he could get along once he arrived in America. After the six months was up, he moved to California and then on to Boston, which is were he still resides today. My classmate Louis’ father had a v ery different experience immigrating to America than a member of my neighborhood did. Mr. Milanovic emigrated from Bosnia with his wife and two daughters. His decision to immigrate was caused by more urgent circumstances that Louis’ father. The war in Bosnia and Mr. Milanovic’s ethnicity were factors in his immigration. He did not immigrate to America just for a better life. He came to America because his life was not safe in his homeland anymore. Mr. Milanovic saw his nieces, nephews and two of his brothers killed in a raid by Serbs. He says that it is a miracle that his entire family was able to escape intact and alive. Mr. Milanovic knew a friend with a truck that routinely traveled past safe areas where the UN was gathering Bosnian refugees. After the visit to his Brother’s home and the raid by the Serbs, he decided that he needed to get his family out of Bosnia. They packed almost nothing and went to the UN refugee camp to wait. They waited a very long time . He recalls boredom being the real enemy. People would grow tense because there was nothing to do except worry about missing family members. After nearly a full year in the refugee camp, the Milanovic family arrived in the United States. They arrived in Lincoln, Nebraska because that is where the organization that had arranged for sponsors was located. All the Milanovic family knew is that they were going to be taken care of for the first few months in America by

Tourism and the media Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Tourism and the media - Essay Example Tourism works unlike other industries in the fact that the industry depends a lot on the media for the success of the industry as a whole. The media is one of biggest drivers of tourism because the media serves the role of creating awareness about different places that are attractive for tourist to visit. The media influences tourism in a lot of ways. The role of media on tourism is a two-edge sword because the media can affect tourism in both a positive and negative way. One of the largest industries the media controls is the movie industry. A lot of movies showcase tourism spots indirectly in the plots of movies. Take for example the movie The Beach. This movie was filmed at one of the most beautiful beaches in the world. The movie was filmed on Thailand’s Maya Beach (Thailandlogue, 2011). After the movie was released the Maya Beach region received a huge influx of tourists due to the free promotion Maya Beach received. Movies are just one of many ways the media can influenc e tourism. There are television channels that are solely dedicated to promoting tourism worldwide. A channel that has done a great job promoting tourism is the Travel Channel. The purpose of the Travel Channel is to connect people to the power and joy of human journey that inspires, surprises, and entertain humans across the world (Travelchannel, 2011). The written press is another media channel that has lot of power and its actions influence tourism. Most national newspapers have a section dedicated to travel. The travel section of a newspaper showcases different tourism spots across the world. When people read and see pictures about different parts of the world they get motivated to save money in order to visit these places. There is valuable information in newspapers that can help tourism once they reach their destination. Information such as the current currency exchange rate and weather information can be obtained by reading a local newspaper. A lot of countries advertise thems elves through magazines. The efforts of the media play a vital role in the promotion of tourism. One of the most important aspects about tourism is that it promotes economic development. There are countries in the world such as many of the Caribbean inlands that are extremely dependent on tourism dollars to support their national economies. â€Å"Tourism is highly dependent on media reporting because the vast majority of travel decisions are made by people who have never seen the destination first hand themselves† (Un, 2007). The exposure the media can provide to a region can help generate tourism. One of the ways the media can help tourism as a whole is by teaching people about other cultures. Television programs can help people get accustomed to the idea of visiting a new location. For example the television series â€Å"Outsourced† produced by NBC showcases a cast of actors of Indian descent (Sidereel, 2011). Through the program people can learn about the culture of India which can help raise a person’s interest in visiting such a location. Another type of program that directly influences the tourism prospects of a country are documentaries. A documentary can be defined as media that presents a non-fictional story that incorporates music, pictures, video clips, emotion, camera angles, and lighting to enhance a story (Blogspot, 2007). When documentaries are used to showcase a country potential tourists get a chance to get an in-depth view a country. Documentaries

Factors That Influence the Loyalty of a Hotel Customer

Factors That Influence the Loyalty of a Hotel Customer Kandampully (2000) defines tourism as a unique product as it is composite in nature, an amalgam of the tangible and intangible which includes everything that tourists experience. Tourism is a fast-growing industry, which now had become one of the industries that playing an important role in financial status of a country. The number of the tourist is growing from year to years. According to Inskeep(1996), Tourism is a fast expanding sector, which brings an important contribution to the foreign exchange earnings of some country nowadays. Tourism industry not only related with government, but public and non government sector also playing a rarely important role in it. The figure above shows that the country and the total international tourism receipts for the countries from year 2006 to year 2008. As we can see from the figure, the income of the tourism sector of the country is increasing from time to time. Tourism is particularly adapted to highlight the nature of the upheavals implied by the development of Information and Communication Technologies (ICT) in service activities. With roughly 11 % of the world total employment or Gross Domestic Product (GDP), tourism is often presented as the first worldwide industry. Europe is by far the first tourist continent. This economic strength of tourism, associated to a strong potential of growth, has induced deep competitive processes and significant industrial reorganization. Information Communication Technologies (ICTs) have been changing the global tourism industry rapidly. The implications of the Internet and other growing interactive multimedia platforms for tourism promotion are far reaching and alter the structure of the industry.The tourism does not follow the usual rules of economic theory, or of any other theory; besides, many authors are used to make reference about the indiscipline of tourism (Leiper, 2000, Tribe, 1997, Tremblay, 1 999). Tourism is not just a great industry to work in, but it is also a key for a countrys economy. The tourism industry in the UK is more than 4 % of the UKs Gross Domestic Product, which is worth around  £76 billion. It employs 2.1 million people, or almost 7.5% of the working population and approximately 1 in 5 of all new jobs created will be in tourism industry. So the government for UK had invested a huge budget available for tourism promotion and quality development. Tourism industry not only affects public sector management, but also influences business of private sector and it is an income creation for a company. Tourist can be people from oversea and it can be people from this country as well, but they does not intend to stay permanently. Tourist taking time to visit the places that they dont normally see.Tourism gathers all the activities dedicated to the satisfaction of the needs of the tourists, and borrows to a multitude of other activities. Tourist products are complex and heterogeneous products, combination of elements separated in time and space (Caccomo and Solonandrasana, 2001). Tourist products also often pre-defined packages assembling interrelated products and services (transport, accommodation services, leisure services). Contrary to the traditional good sectors, tourists have to go to the resources where resources are transformed to be delivered to the customers: whatever their intrinsic qualities, the resources acquire an economic value only with the organization of the traveling of the tourists and development of the activity (Spizzichino, 1991). Tourist products and services are often experience goods, the quality or utility are not known ex ante by the consumers; a system of advices and critics is thus necessary to the formalization of choices (Gensollen, 2003). The World Tourism Organization predicts that by 2020 tourist arrivals around the world would increase over 200%. Tourism has become a highly competitive business for tourism destination over the world. Competitive advantage in tourism industry it no longer depends only to what we provide to the customer, but it is now increasingly driven by science, information technology and innovation. The volatility of changes in the external and international environment also influences the performance of other business in tourism industry, such as hotel business, restaurant business and many more. An economic upswing or downturn will have an almost immediate impact on its performance. Tourism industry in Malaysia Service sector had become an important sector in Malaysia where it contributes approximately 50% of the nations real Gross Domestic Product (GDP). Tourism industry had been paying enough attention by the government since the Tourism Development Corporation (TDC) was established in year 1972. The Tourism Development Corporation is build to further expand the tourism through its marketing program and publicity campaigns to both locally and abroad. But the TDC only stand for 20 years and then replaced by Malaysian Tourism Promotion Board with the objective to stimulate and entice the number of visitor and tourist that visit to the country. The growth of total amount world tourism and Malaysia is one of the potential tourism destinations. It had contributed to the changes and focus in the tourism sector in the country. To enhance the tourism industry in Malaysia, the VMY campaign had been introduced. The fist Visit Malaysia Year (VMY) campaign was launch by year 1990 and tourism industry had become Malaysias third major foreign income exchange earner. But theres was some downturn in worldwide travel in year 1991 because of the Gulf War and this had causes the number of tourist had decreased moderately. The second Visit Malaysia Year (VMY) campaign was launch on year 1994. The growth rate remained far behind the first campaign despite of an increase of tourist in Malaysia about 10.7% in year 1994. The overall of the tourism industry in Malaysia showed an upward trend until the happening of the global financial crisis in year 1997. The total amount of the tourism receipts in year 1995 amounting to Ringgit Malaysia (RM) 9.2 billion had surpassed the target for the year 2000 in the National Tourism Plan which in about RM8.36 billion. Therefore, the investment approved for hotel and tourism-related projects has increased from RM8.801 billion to spur the growth of the tourism industry during the Sixth Malaysian Plan period to RM18.2 billion during the Seventh Malaysia Plan period (Economic Planning Unit, 2001). In an effort to succeed the tourism industry, Tourism Malaysia had signed a  £2 million deal with Manchester United in an effort to promote the visit Malaysia Year 2007 in September 2006. Besides that, Tourism Malaysia also signs a deal with Chelsea Football Club to promote the tourism industry in Malaysia and to succeed the VMY plan. Hospitality Industry Hospitality industry is major service sector in world economy and the industry encompasses an extensive variety of service such as food service, tourism and hotels. The hospitality industry can be divided into two parts. One is entertainment part like bar, pub, clubs; another one is accommodation such as resorts, public house, hotels, motels, inn, apartment and motels. Tourism support commercial activities such as travel agents and airline cabin staff are included in hospitality as well. Hotel Industry The early evidence of the existence of hotels and the hospitality industry has been recorded as far back as biblical times when Mary and Joseph arrived in Bethlehem during the census, which is during 4 Before Christ (B.C.) of the Julian calendar, where Joseph went to Bethlehem, because he was of the house and lineage of David (Luke 2:1-4). People have start traveled for religion, family, needs, immigration, commerce, education, health, and recreation, since the beginning of time. As a result, hotels and inns had begun catering to the pleasure traveler in an effort to encourage visitors with the influence of the Roman Empire. It was recorded that the first inn located in America was in the year 1607. It leads the way with many other firsts in the hospitality industry (searchandgo.com). The first modern hotel (the Tremont) opened in Boston in year 1809. The first ever publicly held hotel (the City Hotel) was opened in New York in year 1792 and the first business hotel (the Buffalo Stat ler) opened in year 1908. Following that, a surge of hotels flooded America and the rest of the world with prominent names such as Radisson, Marriot and Hilton. According to the precious previous research, hotels, which also mean home away from home for the travelers and tourist, provide four types of service and product which had accommodation, foods, drinks, leisure or entertainment (Wood, 1997; Knowles, 1998). The hospitality industry is one of the fastest growing industries in the worldwide. The hospitality industry began to utilize information technology (IT) more than three decades ago (Berchiolly, 1997; Hensdill, 1998), well before many other industries. Hotels nowadays are much more than just a place to sleep, as many tourists view them as an integral part of a getaway experience. Spiffed-up budget properties, and novelty accommodations, travelers can choose a hotel that is as much a selling point as the destination itself with the recent boom of boutique hotels (Yashroy, 2008). The industry surge with expansions and new entrants in times of economic growth, with the tourism sector is growing as well. The hospitality industry was thus as early as the 1960s and 1970s in adopting operational information systems where a room management application was installed at the New York Hilton in 1963 (Sayles, 1963) and a property management system was installed at the Waikiki Sheraton in 1970. But according to Worcester (1997), he found that the main drawback of hospitality information systems was lack of accurate and timely information caused by the need to rekey information from various reports, instead of having access to integrated information managed in one consolidated database. The statement was support by Hensdill (1998), saying that the experts believe that in terms of IT the hospitality industry is about 2 years behind other industries. To survive in competitive advantage among the hotels, there are some factors that playing a fairly important role in it, such as brand image of the hotel, through the promotions and many more. Brand image plays a very important role in retaining customer loyalty and fulfill customers satisfaction in hotel industry to repurchasing the service again. According to the previous research by Zeithaml and Bitner (1996), image is also considered as a factor that can influence customers perception of the services and goods that been provide and also requires the ability to be communicated effectively and consistently to consumers. As a result, information and useful data such as the importance of maintaining a good image to retain loyal customers and also increase the corporate profit will be provide to hotel organization. As mentioned by Chaudhuri and Holbrook (2001), higher customer loyalty entails a higher market share and an ability to demand relatively higher prices compared to competitors. Consequently, the hotel organization would need to focus on customer loyalty in order for hotel organizations to survive. The statement is similar with the previous research by Aaker (1997) . With reference to Aaker (1997), increased customer loyalty has many advantages such as reduce marketing costs, solicit more customers, and successfully operate trading leverage. Hence, with factors involving Zeithaml et al. (1996), loyalty factors are crucial to an organization as it is the most reliable success indicators. Besides that, a favorable and famous brand image also helps to reduce the uncertainty of the products quality and increase the probability of consumers decision to purchase the product. According to Dick and Basu (1994), loyal customers encourage positive word-of-mouth promotion and challenge their competitors strategies. Thus, in regards to Fornell and Wernerfelt (1998) and Reichheld et al. (1996), increased customer loyalty will result in generating higher corporate profits. Strong brands are important to the hospitality industry. There are several issues in developing a brand, one of them is customers trust. And it has been suggested that service quality has a direct effect on organizations profits since it is positively related with customer retention and customer loyalty (Baker and Crompton, 2000; Zeithaml and Britner, 2000). Product or individuals public perception will be evaluating through market research to stresses the importance of modern public relations. After collect the data and challenges are identified, the process of counting and solution will be presented will be presented in a campaign strategy to met goals. Though techniques may different from campaign to campaign but theres some standard tools used are implemented in forms of press releases, press kits, satellite feeds, pod casts, web casts, wire service distribution of information and internet placement. Besides the technique mention above, other technique which include entertainment product placement (television, events, celebrity), product launches, press conferences, media seminars, producing events, speechwriting, establishing partnerships and more is often required, in which the perception obtain from the public through such means will result in positive views as a goal. Most of the hotels have different facilities for their customer. According to the research by Bauer et. Al (1993), he examined that the tourist from Asian and Non-Asian countries have different demand and differences for the facilities in hotel. Asian travelers appeared to looking for more entertainment facilities, such as karaoke, while for the Non-Asian travelers, they looking for more concern in health facilities, such as gym and swimming pool. And with the references to previous research, facilities are one of the factors that influence the satisfaction of the customer. Research Question Most of the hotel customers decide on which hotel to stay based on the reason below. Many customers repurchase the service after experience it and satisfied with the service they provide. Other factors such as brand image, service quality, public relations perception, service innovation and facilities also should take into consideration before making their decision. Thus, the main research problem of this study is to examine the factors that influence the loyalty of a hotel customer in Malaysia. To accomplish the study purpose, the following questions need to be responded: What are the critical factors that influence the loyalty of the hotel customer in Malaysia? Are there any interaction between the critical factors and hotel customer in Malaysia? How does the critical factor have an affect on the loyalty of hotel customer in Malaysia? Objectives of Study The overall goal or the general objectives of this research is determined and identify the critical factors that influence the loyalty of a hotel customer in Malaysia. The following specific objectives are established to aid accomplishing the goal of this research: To determine the critical factors (brand image, service quality, public relations perception, service innovation and facilities) that influences the loyalty of the hotel customer in Malaysia. To examine interaction between the critical factors (brand image, service quality, public relations perception, service innovation and facilities) and hotel customer in Malaysia To determine the critical factor (brand image, service quality, public relations perception, service innovation and facilities) have an affect on the loyalty of hotel customer in Malaysia. Scope of Study The focus of this study is in hotel industry. This is because the tourism sector had been increase highly and playing an important role in the financial status in a country nowadays. And the number of tourist is increasing from years to years and tourism industry had becoming one of the major industries in Malaysia. The research will be done by the tourist, especially which is having a visit in Malaysia currently. This study is going to be focused on customers both male and female who patronize hotels in Malacca. The age range would be targeted on customers ranging from the age of 20 until 50. The mentioned age group was chosen as a majority as they are the ones who have a stable job and earn their own income. They are the category of customers who are able to afford to patronize hotels and hold a valuable link to the study. A questionnaire was handed out to the customers to obtain their opinions and views regarding issues that influence their loyalty and satisfaction towards certain hotel brands. The study also focuses on the perceptive viewpoint of the aforementioned age group in which, their loyalty and awareness towards the particular line of hotel brand is measured to determine the effectiveness of brand advertising and public relation media. Definition of Terms Customer Satisfaction: A customers emotional response react after the usage of a product or service (Oliver 1981). Customer satisfaction is more likely complex human process that involves the cognitive and affective processes and it also involve other psychological and physiological influence (Oh and Parks, 1997). Customer Loyalty: The loyalty business model assumes the philosophical validity of pursuit of self-interest. True customer loyalty can be defined as customers resistance to competitors offerings (Gundlach et al., 1995) and the persuasive tactics to attract new customers (Dick and Basu, 1994). Service Quality: Parasuraman et al. (1985) that views quality as the customers perception of service excellence, i.e. quality is defined by the customers impression of the service provided. Brand Image: Brand image is considered to have the ability to influence customers perceptions of the goods and services offered (Zeithaml and Bitner, 1996). Public Relations Perception: Cultip et al., (1985) definition of public relations perception is the management function that identifies, establishes and maintains mutually beneficial relationships between an organization and the various public on whom its successes or failure depends. Structure of Project The present study is organized into five chapters. Chapter 1: Introduction This chapter shows and details the intention and reason for the carrying out of this research. This chapter also consists of sub-topics such as research background, research questions, research objectives, importance of study, scope of study and definition of terms which are aimed to increase readers understanding of this whole research. Chapter 2: Literature Review This chapter contains more detailed information on the e-commerce and tourism industry. This chapter also detailed information about evaluation of the relationship of service quality, brand image and public relations perception on customer loyalty. The early and present day history of hotel organizations is also included in this chapter. Besides that, this chapter also contains the discussion on the various variables and its validity which will be tested in this study. The findings of previous researchers on these variables are also taken into account. Chapter 3: Methodology This chapter entails the methods and approaches that are selected for the testing of variables in this study. This chapter also consists of further discussion on sub-topics such as sources of data, questionnaire design, measurement, sampling method, sample size, data analysis techniques and unit of analysis. The findings from previous studies are also considered in the further understanding of the approaches used. Chapter 4: Data Analysis This chapter involves the incorporation of the interpretation of the collected data from respondents via quantitative method. The determination of the acceptance or rejection of the stated hypotheses will also be tested. A software called Statistical Package for Social Science (SPSS) will be used in this research to measure the results. Chapter 5: Discussions and Conclusions This chapter explains the outcomes of the testing of the hypotheses determined from Chapter 4: Data Analysis. The acceptance or rejection of the hypothesis is discussed as well. Additionally, the concluded results of the hypothesis testing from this study are compared with results from previous researches to identify the differences and similarities. Chapter 2: Literature Review Introduction The purpose of this research is to determined and to identify the critical factors that influence the loyalty of a hotel customer in Malaysia. Due to an increase in travel expenditure, the tourism industry has also seen an evident growth over the recent years. Goeldner and Ritchie (2003) have predicted that by 2011, global travel and tourism are expected to generate US$7.0 trillion in economic activity and offer 260 million jobs. Ongoing globalization, in addition to permeable borders and easier transfers between countries has promoted a growth in tourism. They have more varieties of services to choose from In line with the abundant services offered to customers. Therefore, competition among competitors to provide the best services possible is created among the tourism organizations. Hotel Industry in Malaysia The hotel nowadays is not only just a place for travelers to sleep, but an integral part of a getaway experience. According to Yashroy(2008), travelers can choose a hotel that is a much a selling point as the destination itself, With the recent boom of boutique hotels, spiffed-up budget properties, and novelty accommodations. As tourism industry is playing an important role in financial status of a country, the hospitality industry in Malaysia too has seen an increase in contributing to the countrys GDP. The example of the Genting Group which represented Malaysia in the hotel, restaurants and leisure industry and was ranked at 1198th position in the Forbes Global 2000 ranking in 2008 (The Global 2000, Forbes) has shown to the public that the hospitality industry is beginning to emerge as one of the important service sub-sectors in Malaysia. The table above illustrates the contribution of various sectors to Malaysias GDP from year 2002 to 2007. As we can see from the table, the private service industrys GDP had increased from 44.7% in year 2002 to 46.4% in year 2007. The private service sector which includes restaurant, hotels, wholesale and retail trade, finance, insurance, real estates and business services sub-sectors. This shows that the services industry is one of the sectors concentrated by the government for improvement as it is gradually contributing a big portion to the countrys GDP. Besides that, Malaysian Association of Hotels (MAH) (hotels.org.my), has recorded that there has been evident growth in the hospitality sector, with average hotel occupancy rates having risen throughout 2007, from the mid-60% range at the beginning of the year to over 70% in 3Q 2007. The hotel industry nowadays has been recognized as a global industry since the development in the industry had been growing rapidly and steadily. The different lifestyle and culture of the customer have changed over time and the facilities in the hotel such as gym, swimming pool, and restaurant are no longer counted as luxuries but an essential component of their lifestyle. Tourism is a largest global export industry and due to the increasing growth of it, the number of hotels around the world had been increased as well. This had caused the intense competition among the hotels in the marketplace. Strong competition had been faces by the hotel organization to differentiate their organization from others by improve their service and facilities, increased choices, value for their money and also superior levels of service. As a result, service quality, brand image, public relation perceptions, and innovation of information technology as well as the improvement of the facilities in the hotel are important in catering to customers needs and as a strategy to retain them. Customer Loyalty According to Dick and Basu (1994), the forces of attitude and behavior had been assumed as factors that can influence the customers loyalty. Oliver (1999, p.35) had defined customer loyalty as: a deeply held commitment to re-buy or re-patronize a preferred product or service consistently in the future, thereby causing repetitive same-brand set or same brand-set purchasing despite situational influences and marketing efforts having potential to cause switching behavior. Although there are many variations about the definition of customer loyalty, but seems theres to be no unanimously agreed of definition for it, according to Jacoby and Chestnut (1978); Dick and Basu (1994); Oliver, (1999). However, there are instead three popular concepts about customer loyalty as below: Loyalty as primarily an attitude that sometimes leads to a relationship with the brand, Loyalty mainly expressed in terms of revealed behavior (i.e. the pattern of past purchases); and Buying moderated by the individuals own characteristics, circumstances, and/or the purchase situation. Many authors also had stressed the existence of a relationship between customer loyalty and business performance (Reichheld and Sasser, 1990; Reichheld, 1993; Sheth and Parvatiyar, 1995) and Barroso Castro and Martin Armario (1999) supported the statement by stated that loyal customers is not only increase the value of the business, but it is also an evident in enable the businesses to maintain the costs lower than those related with attracting new customers. Loyal customers not only help to encourage positive word-of-mouth promotion, challenge competitors strategies (Dick and Basu, 1994), but also generate higher corporate profits (Fornell and Wernerfelt, 1988; Reichheld et al., 2000). Besides that, the increasing of customer loyalty entails an increase in the market share and enables the companies to have the ability to demand relatively higher prices for their products or services than their competitors (Chaudhuri and Holbrook, 2001). This statement is supported by Aaker (1997) by stating that the company with higher customer loyalty can help the companies lower their marketing costs while seek more customers as well as successfully operate trading leverage in the same time. De Ruyter et al. (1998) stated that early customer loyalty studies also solely focused on the behavioral aspect but later shifted to an attitudinal approach. It was added that the latter approach can be studied by means of dimensions such as word of mouth, complaining behavior and purchase intention. There has also been some disagreement between researchers regarding to the attitudinal aspect of loyalty. The conflict focused on the argument was that the needed to be strong attitudinal commitment to a brand in order for true loyalty to exist (Day, 1969; Jacoby and Chestnut, 1978; Foxall and Goldsmith, 1994; Mellens et al., 1996; Reichheld, 1996). Dick and Basu (1994) have explained that these attitudes is measured on maybe by questioning people on how much they like a brand, how much of confidence they have commitment to it, will they recommend it to others, and having positive beliefs and feeling about it, as in comparison to other competing brands. Other than that, the five-item scale which was adapted by Zeithaml et al. (1996) had been used to measure as customer loyalty by earlier researches. However, Bernà © (1997) has mentioned that loyalty was measured indirectly by using an attitude scale in another research. He also pointed out that it is the most generally used system of measurement as a result of the complexity that is involved in attaining sequential information about repurchase intentions. In line with this, a seven-point, Likert scale was used in that particular research to measure customer loyalty. Service Quality Service quality is defined from the marketing fields which give the values to human interaction between a business and its customers. Service is important in business because services not only help the company to remain its customers loyalty, but also to enhance the firms image in the marketplace. In tourism sector, service quality is an important aspect that customers will look into before they decided to engage in purchasing the service. Therefore, those tourism organizations such as hotel organizations face an intense and fierce competition from their competitors to provide the best service and product to their customers. The term service has been defined in several ways. Service had been defined by Grà ¶nroos (2002, p.58) as: A service is an activity or a series of activities of a more or less intangible nature that normally, but not necessarily, takes place in the interaction between the customer and service employees and/or physical resources or foods and/or systems of the service provider, which are provided as solutions to customer problems. A definition also adopted by Zeithaml and Britner (1996), which stated by Quinn et al. (1987) whom defined services as: all economic activities whose output is not a physical product or construction, is generally consumed at the time of it is produced, and provides added value in forms (such as convenience, amusement, timeliness, comfort or health) that are essentially intangible concerns of its first purchaser. On the other hand, Horovitz (1986) had identified the three distinctive characteristics of service quality: the consumer will perceive all limitations in quality because most of the services are consumed at the same time as they are produced; a service is made up of a set of benefits, but it is predominantly an experience; and a fundamental aspect of service quality is derived from the quality of relationship between the service provider and the consumer. Parasuraman et al. (1988) defined service quality as a global judgment or attitude relating to the overall excellence or superiority of the service. Although there are many definitions about service quality, but theres one common definition that accepted by most researchers is the traditional notion provided by Parasuraman et al. (1985). He stated that views quality as the customers perception of service excellence, as quality is defined by the customers impression of the service provided. However, Bergman and Klefsjà ¶ (2003) stated service quality as the quality is often related with satisfied or preferably delighted customers. Service quality is important in retaining customer loyalty. Heskett et al. (1994) considered customer loyalty as behavior for increasing the profits and growth of a business. Quality is also the general impression of the relative inferiority or superiority of the organization and its services, according to Bitner and Hubbert (1994). Moreover, when looked at from a tourism organizations perspective, the functional aspects of services for example, is how they are offered, and has a much higher probability in influencing customers emotional feelings, than the technical aspects, for example, what is offered. Besides this, service literature also claims that the major issue of customer satisfaction is perceived quality (Parasuraman et al., 1988; Bitner, 1990; Carman, 1990). However, there are also some authors that giving the opposite relationship, stated that perceived quality is considered an antecedent of customer satisfaction (Cronin and Taylor, 1992; Anderson and Sullivan, 1993). Althou

To what extent was Hitlers success in coming to power due to the depression? :: World War II History

To what extent was Hitler's success in coming to power due to the depression? Hitler became chancellor in January 1933. By March he had full dictatorial power. There is no doubt that the impact of the depression on the German people gave way to the rise of Hitler. It was the single most important factor of Hitler's coming to power, however it wasn't the only factor. Hitler had remarkable speaking abilities, which helped him woo the public. His use of force with the SA and the inability of the Left wing political groups to combine, also contributed in his rise. Hitler also used the weakness of the constitution the signing of the Versailles treaty to bring down the Weimar Republic. With all these advantages on his side, and with the depression hitting Germany hard in 1929, it was just a matter of time before Hitler would "claim his throne". The Depression was the single most important factor in Hitler's rise to power. In 1929 a shockwave began in New York the affected the entire world. Germany was affected the most. Many historians, including Mckibbin and Taylor, believed that the depression was the turning point for Hitler and the nazi party. Germany's economy after World War I had been built on foreign loans, especially loans from the United States, and on world trade, which was also based on a system of loans. Thus when the depression hit, the German economy collapsed. By 1932, 6 million Germans were unemployed. The German people and lost all hope in the Weimar republic, and started looking for a radical change, brought forth party radical parties...the communists and the nazis. As a result of 1929, Hitler became remarkably popular. He made promises to the military and to industrialists saying that he would return Germany back to greatness once again. Hitler exploited the trust of the German public to its fullest dur ing these times of hardship so he could gain the support he needed to gain full control of the German state. The weakness of the Constitution of the Weimar Republic significantly helped Hitler establish and develop the Nazi party. Whilst the Weimar constitution was said to be one of the most democratic constitutions of all time, there were still major flaws in it. In the eyes of Howland and Barr, the section on proportional representation and article 48 considerably helped Hitler on his quest for absolute power.